A. Understanding LinguisticsThe word comes from the Latin linguistic lingua meaning 'language'. Linguistics is the study of the language or languages as the science that makes the object of study. In French there are three terms to refer to the language as follows:
* Langue: a particular language.
* Langage: general language.
* Parole: language in the form of tangible in the form of speech.
Linguistics is often also called general linguistics (general linguistics). This means that not only assess the linguistic knowledge of a language, but rather examines the ins and outs of the language in general, that the French terminology is called langage. Linguist called linguists. The father of modern linguistics is Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913). His book about the language titled Course de Linguistique Generale, first issued in 1916.
In the scientific world, not only linguistic who take language as an object of study. Science or other disciplines are also reviewing the language of which: science literature, social sciences (sociology), psychology, and physics. What distinguishes the linguistic sciences is the approach to the object of study is the language. Science approaching language literature as art container. Social science approach and sees language as a means of
social interaction within the community. Psychological approaches and sees language as a psychiatric delivery. Physics approached and looked at language as a natural phenomenon. While linguistic approach and sees language as the language or form of language itself.
Scientifics Linguistics
Basically, every science including linguistic experience three stages of development, namely:
The first stage, the stage of speculation. In this phase of talks about things and the way done with speculative conclusions. That is, the conclusion was made without supported by empirical evidence and conducted without the use of certain procedures. In the first study of people think that all the languages in the world is derived from the Hebrew, Adam and Eve wearing Hebrew in the Garden of Eden, and God speaks in Swedish. Everything is just speculation today difficult to accept.
The second stage, the stage of observation and classification. At this stage the new language experts to collect and classify all the facts carefully language without giving a theory or make conclusions.
The third stage, the stage of formulation of the theory. At this stage each discipline seeks to understand the basic issues and ask questions about issues that based on the data collected. Then formulated the hypothesis that attempts to answer these questions, and arrange a test to test the hypothesis of the facts.
Linguistics has undergone three stages so that it can be said linguistically scientific activities.
B. subdisciplines Linguistics
Subdisciplines of linguistics can be grouped by:
1. The object of study is the language in general or a particular language,
2. The object of study is the language of a particular period or languages of all time,
3. The object of study is the internal structure of the language or the language in relation to a variety of factors outside of language,
4. The goal for the purposes of the review whether the theory or applied, and
5. theory or streams that are used to analyze the object.
Based on the object of study, whether in general, or English Language Specific
Based on the object of study, whether the language in general or specific language linguistics can be divided into general linguistics and linguistic special. General linguistics is trying to assess the linguistic rules of language in general. Special linguistic examines language rules that apply to a particular language.
Based on the object of study, Is the Time Specific Language or languages of All Time
Based on the object of study, whether the language in general or a specific language can be distinguished linguistic synchronic linguistics (descriptive linguistics) and diachronic linguistics (historical comparative linguistics). Synchronic linguistics examines the language of a particular period.
For example, examine the Indonesian in the twenties or assess the English language in the time of William Shakespeare. Diachronic linguistics seeks to examine the language of the future are not limited to; could since the beginning of the birth of the language until the present. Diachronic linguistics goal is to determine the structural history of the language with any form of change and development.
Based on the object of study is the internal structure of the language or the language in Relation to Various Factors in Foreign Languages
Based on the object of study, whether the language in general or a specific language can be divided into linguistic linguistic micro (Microlinguistics) and linguistic macro (makrolinguistik). Linguistics micro directing studies on the internal structure of the language. In linguistics there are several subdisciplines micro namely:
* Phonology: investigate the sounds of language.
* Morphology: morpheme investigate.
* Syntax: investigate the units said.
* Semantics: investigate the meaning of the language.
* Lexicology: investigate the lexicon or vocabulary.
Linguistics investigate macro language in relation to factors outside of language. Subdisciplines macro-linguistic subdisciplines include:
* Sociolinguistics: learn the language in use in public relations.
* Psycholinguistics: studying the relationships of the human mind behavior cal funds.
* Antropolinguistik: learn the language with cultural relations.
* Philosophy of language: learn the essential nature and status of language as a human activity.
* Stylistics: learn the language in literature.
* Philology: learn the language, culture, institutions, and history of a nation, as contained in the written material.
* Dialectology: learn the limits of dialects and languages in the region.
Based on the review Purpose Is Required for Theory or For Applied
Based on the object of study, whether the language in general or specific language linguistics can be divided into theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics. Theoretical linguistics language seeks an investigation only to find the rules that apply in the study object. So, activities just for the sake of mere theory. Applied linguistics seeks an investigation masala language for the benefit of solving practical problems found in society. For example, for language teaching, preparation of dictionaries, and understanding of literature.
Based on the theory or Flow Used to Analyze The object
Based on the object of study, whether the language in general or a specific language can be divided into traditional linguistics, structural linguistics, transformational linguistics, semantics generative linguistics, linguistic relational and systemic linguistics.
C. Benefits Linguisik
Linguistics direct benefit to the person who engaged in activities related to language as a linguist, teacher, translator, lexicographer, textbook author, and politician. Linguistic benefits including:
* The linguist: helping resolve and carry out their duties in the investigation of language.
* Teacher languages: train and teach language skills.
* Translator: help in getting the good translation.
* Compiler dictionary: help in compiling a comprehensive dictionary and good.
* Authors of textbooks: help in choosing words and make sentences appropriate.
* Politicians: assist in communicating with the many activities
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